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Thessaly is a region in central Greece with a rich and varied history that spans ancient civilizations, classical Greece, Roman and Byzantine periods, and beyond.

In the ancient period, Thessaly was inhabited during the Mycenaean era, around 1600–1100 BCE. Archaeological findings indicate Mycenaean settlements in the region. During classical Greece, Thessaly comprised several city-states, including Larissa, Pherae, and Pharsalus. It played a significant role in Greek affairs, with its cavalry being highly regarded in military campaigns.

The Thessalian League, a confederation of city-states in the region, was established, contributing to the region's political landscape. Thessaly's geographic location, surrounded by mountains like Mount Olympus and Pindus, influenced its historical development.

In the Hellenistic period, Thessaly became part of the Macedonian Empire under Alexander the Great and later the Seleucid Empire. The Roman Republic expanded its influence into Thessaly during the Roman-Seleucid Wars, eventually incorporating it into the Roman Empire.

During the Byzantine period, Thessaly saw a series of invasions and occupations by various groups, including Slavs and Bulgarians. The region played a role in the Byzantine struggles against invading forces.

In the medieval period, Thessaly experienced the Norman and Crusader presence during the Fourth Crusade, followed by the rule of the Latin Empire. The Byzantines regained control in the 13th century.