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Sofia, the capital and largest city of Bulgaria, has a rich and varied history that spans thousands of years. Here is an overview of its historical development:

Ancient History: The history of Sofia dates back to ancient times when it was settled by Thracian tribes. The city was originally known as "Serdica" and was an important Thracian center. It was later conquered by the Roman Empire in the 1st century AD and became an important Roman city. During this time, Serdica grew in significance as a trading and administrative hub.

Byzantine and Medieval Period: After the fall of the Roman Empire, Sofia came under Byzantine rule. It faced several invasions and was conquered by various groups, including the Huns, Goths, and Slavs. In the 9th century, Bulgaria was established as a state, and Sofia became part of the First Bulgarian Empire. The city was an integral part of the empire's administrative and cultural life.